These patterns address how applications are deployed, managed, and operated in distributed environments, focusing on infrastructure concerns and operational efficiency.

Sidecar Pattern

The sidecar pattern separates cross-cutting concerns from application code, enabling consistent functionality across polyglot services without code changes.

Deploys supporting functionality (logging, monitoring, configuration) in a separate process alongside the main application.

Use When:

• Need consistent cross-cutting functionality
• Applications use different technologies
• Cannot modify existing applications
• Want to centralize auxiliary functions

Common Uses:

• Service mesh proxies
• Logging and monitoring agents
• Configuration management
• Security and authentication

Example: Microservice with Envoy sidecar proxy that handles load balancing, circuit breaking, and observability without modifying application code.

Pod:
  ├── Application Container (business logic)
  └── Envoy Sidecar (networking, observability, security)

All network traffic goes through Envoy sidecar

Ambassador Pattern

A specialized sidecar that handles all outbound network requests for an application, acting as a proxy.

Use When:

• Need consistent networking policies
• Want to handle retries, timeouts centrally
• Applications make many external calls
• Need to add networking features without code changes

Example: Legacy application with ambassador container that adds circuit breaking, retries, and service discovery to external API calls.

Application → Ambassador → External Services
  Ambassador handles:
    - Service discovery
    - Retries
    - Circuit breaking
    - TLS termination

Backend for Frontend (BFF)

Creates separate backend services tailored to specific frontend applications or client types.

Use When:

• Supporting multiple client types (web, mobile, IoT)
• Clients have different data requirements
• Want to optimize for specific user experiences
• Generic APIs are too complex or inefficient for clients

Example: E-commerce platform with separate BFFs for web browsers (rich product data), mobile apps (lightweight responses), and IoT devices (minimal data).

Web Browser → Web BFF (rich product details, high-res images)
Mobile App → Mobile BFF (compressed images, minimal data)
IoT Device → IoT BFF (product IDs only, no images)

Service Mesh

Popularized by Buoyant’s Linkerd (2016) and later Istio (2017)

Dedicated infrastructure layer that handles service-to-service communication, providing observability, security, and traffic management without requiring code changes. Implements the sidecar pattern at scale.

Use When:

• Large number of microservices (typically >10-20 services)
• Need consistent security and observability across all services
• Complex traffic management requirements (canary, A/B testing, retries, timeouts)
• Multiple teams developing services in different languages
• Want to extract networking concerns from application code

Components:

Data Plane (per-service sidecar proxies):

• Intercepts all network traffic for the service
• Implements routing, load balancing, retries, circuit breaking
• Collects metrics and traces
• Common proxy: Envoy (high-performance C++ proxy)

Control Plane (centralized management):

• Configures all data plane proxies
• Manages certificates for mTLS
• Collects telemetry and distributes policies
• Provides service discovery

Example: Kubernetes cluster with Istio service mesh providing mTLS encryption, traffic splitting for canary deployments, and distributed tracing.

Service Mesh Architecture:

Control Plane (Istio Components):
  - Pilot: Traffic management, service discovery
  - Citadel: Certificate management, mTLS
  - Galley: Configuration management
  - Telemetry: Metrics collection

Data Plane (Envoy Sidecars):
  Each microservice pod contains:
    - Application Container (business logic)
    - Envoy Sidecar Proxy (networking)
      - Mutual TLS encryption
      - Traffic routing & load balancing
      - Circuit breaking & retries
      - Metrics & distributed tracing

Popular Service Meshes:

• Istio: Feature-rich, complex, large footprint
• Linkerd: Lightweight, simpler, Rust-based
• Consul Connect: HashiCorp, multi-platform
• AWS App Mesh: Managed service mesh for AWS

Quick Reference

Pattern Comparison

Decision Tree

Implementation Tools

When to Avoid